Coping strategies of mothers with ASD children

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder [ASD] is a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges". American Psychiatric Association's defined ASD as "a single disorder that includes disorders that were previously considered separate - autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified"

Objectives: To exploration of the coping strategies of mother who are the primary care giver of the family and children with ASD. This study correspondingly emphasized on the policy makers to bring this subject to the agenda for the training [Coping] and support [Insurance] of mothers and ASD children for special education needs [SEN] by the government

Study Design: Qualitative study

Methods: This research explored mothers coping practices with ASD children in Rawalpindi by means of qualitative study design phenomenology. Theoretical framework used were, life course perspective and social constructivism which will facilitate the complete process. Interview guide is made on the format suggested by Steinar Kvale. Data analysis will be done by two analytical techniques, grounded theory analysis

Results: The results of this study were categories which were generated were divided into two main parts positive/ healthy and negative/impaired coping strategies they are as follow:- Positive coping strategies. a] Integration b] Networking c] Religion. And the Negative coping strategies a] Avoidance b] Ignorance c] Isolation

Conclusion: Overall, findings indicated that mothers sorrow and grief associated with ASD is common in every mother. Mothers coped by educating themselves. Findings indicated feelings of shock, grief and acceptance were the part of mother's responses, on the discovery of their child's autism diagnosis. Findings indicated daily routines were not affected but the ASD child

functional E1-E2 heterodimer HCV glycoproteins

The two HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are released from HCV polyprotein by signal peptidase cleavages. These glycoproteins are type I transmembrane proteins with a highly glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain and a C-terminal hydrophobic anchor. Methods and pathways: After their synthesis, HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 associate as a non covalent heterodimer. The transmembrane domains of HCV envelope glycoproteins play a major role in E1-E2 heterodimer assembly and subcellular localization. The envelope glycoprotein complex E1-E2 has been proposed to be essential for HCV entry. Results and However, for a long time, HCV entry studies have been limited by the lack of a robust cell culture system for HCV replication and viral particle production. Recently, a model mimicking the entry process of HCV lifecycle has been developed by pseudo typing retroviral particles with native HCV envelope glycoproteins, allowing the characterization of functional E1-E2 envelope glycoproteins., we review our understanding to date on the assembly of the functional HCV glycoprotein heterodimer

Tuberculous patients; cross sectional study of BCG vaccination and antibody TITRE in house hold contacts of tuberculous patients

This study was designed to analyze the BCG vaccination status and compare the immune globulins levels in the household contacts of tuberculous patients with non contacts of unexposed healthy peoples. Lahore. Cross sectional study. Investigations like ESR were done and the sera of 200 persons included in the study were tested for anti tuberculous antibodies by ELISA. BCG vaccination present or absent and scars were positive or negative in both groups were included. The combined serological positivity of the household contacts was 65.8% and for non-contacts was 34.1%. BCG scars were mostly absent in the household contacts as well as in non-contacts; But statistically IgG and IgA were present significantly by higher number in the household contacts as compared to non-contacts, where as no significant difference in the IgM levels. These immunoglobulins status were compared with BCG scars in both study and control groups. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 14. Household contacts of tuberculosis patients are more susceptible to tuberculosis as compared to the non-contacts, as shown by positive and negative status of cglitjirculous antibodies in the house hold contacts. More over BCG vaccination has no significant role in humoral evaluation

Haplotypes and genotypes; the frequency of rhesus alleles, haplotypes and genotypes in major Sakak city population, Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia

Rh-D distribution varies worldwide. The aim of.this study was to document the frequency of Rhesus alleles, haplotypes and genotypes in Aljouf region, Sakaka. The EE genotype is not generally represented in the Aljouf province, and DcE/Ce genotypes are the shared [30.8%], while Dce/Dce and Dce/ce genotypes are less familiar [1.4%]. The frequency distribution of Rh haplotypes among Aljouf population in the present study CDE [0.701] has the highest observed frequency followed by Cde [0.250], cDe [0.116] and CDe [0.040], cDE [0.028], cde[0.021] and cdE[0.008]. The data generated during this study would be important, a base line for advance to be catalogued by molecular rather than serological criteria, and of polymorphisms between RHD and RHCE, which will be a useful for DNA typing and to provide the development of suitable DNA techniques